轨道板中超声兰姆波传播的有限元计算和实验*

该文针对我国高速铁路轨道板缺陷的非接触动态检测问题,研究了空气耦合超声兰姆波在轨道板中的传播规律。首先,给出了轨道板中超声兰姆波的相速度和群速度频散曲线,结果表明:随着频厚积的增加,频散现象越明显,并且A0相速度收敛于Rayleigh波的波速。然后,建立轨道板中波传播的有限元模型,计算得到兰姆波传播的群速度为2220 m/s,且二维傅里叶变换系数的较大值沿Rayleigh波的频散曲线分布。最后,在沪杭高铁嘉兴南站进行了现场测试,以8.8°倾斜角向轨道板激励产生超声兰姆波,激发产生的兰姆波模态群速度为2325 m/s,且二维傅里叶变换分析其系数的较大值沿Rayleigh波的频散曲线分布。有限元计算结果和实验结果均与理论计算结果一致。该研究为后续轨道板缺陷的非接触动态检测提供了理论依据和实验方法。     

多层介质中超声相控阵声场仿真*

由于良好的声束偏转与聚焦特性,超声相控阵已经广泛应用于多层固体介质的缺陷检测。当超声束经过多层介质时,由于反射、透射以及模式转换的存在,多种声束存在于这种结构中,使得声场分析变得复杂。为了提高多层介质检测的准确性,有必要对超声声场的分布规律进行深入地了解。该文结合高斯声束等效点源模型以及射线追踪法,给出了相控阵声源在多层固体介质中激发声场的仿真方法,并且模拟计算了一维线型相控阵在楔块-铝-黄铜-钢四层固体介质中的辐射声场。通过对不同延时法则的计算,实现了声波在这种复杂介质中的偏转与聚焦,进而研究了不同焦点处聚焦声场的分布。结果表明:相控阵方法能使聚焦点处的声场幅值增大,能量集中,提高了检测分辨率;不同聚焦点处声场聚焦效果不同,实际检测时应根据检测区域结构及位置特点,合理放置相控阵换能器。与瑞利积分法的比较表明,该文的仿真方法适用于多层介质相控阵声场的计算。     

超细纳米Pd粒子与聚乙烯吡咯烷酮的相互作用

在微量聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)存在下, 利用超声还原氯化钯水溶液, 制备出超细纳米Pd颗粒, 用高分辨透射电镜、红外光谱、紫外-可见光谱和X射线光电子能谱等技术对其表面形貌及结构进行了表征. 结果表明, 纳米Pd粒子的粒径均一, 大约为3 nm. 纳米Pd/PVP复合粉末的羰基红外吸收峰比PVP的羰基吸收峰红移9 cm^-1; 且当超声反应50 min时, PVP紫外吸收波峰蓝移16 nm, 表明了纳米Pd与PVP之间存在一定的相互作用力. XPS结果证明, 纳米Pd与PVP的羰基基团通过配位作用使超细纳米Pd粒子得以稳定分散存在.     

Effects of multi-frequency ultrasound pretreatment under low power density on the enzymolysis and the structure characterization of defatted wheat germ protein

The effects of ultrasonic frequency mode, power density, pretreatment time and other parameters under low power density on the degree of hydrolysis (DH) of defatted wheat germ protein (DWGP) and angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of DWGP hydrolysate were studied in this research. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectra, free sulfhydryl (SH), disulfide bond (SS), surface hydrophobicity and hydrophobic protein content of ultrasound-pretreated protein and hydrophobic amino acid (HAA) content of alcalase-hydrolysate of DWGP were measured under optimized ultrasonic condition. The ultrasonic frequency mode with dual-fixed frequency combination of 28/40 kHz showed higher ACE inhibitory activity of DWGP hydrolysate compared with that of other ultrasound frequency modes and all the ultrasonic frequency combinations involving in 28 kHz showed higher ACE inhibitory activity. Under the dual-fixed frequency ultrasound mode of 28/40 kHz, ultrasonic power density of 60 W/L, pretreatment time of 70 min, temperature of 60°C and substrate concentration of 60 g/L, the ACE inhibitory activity of DWGP hydrolysate was the highest with its value of 74.75% (increased by 62.30% compared to control). However, all the ultrasonic pretreatment did not increase the DH of DWGP significantly (p > 0.05). The changes in UV–Vis spectra, SH and SS groups, surface hydrophobicity and hydrophobic protein content indicated that the structure of DWGP unfolded after ultrasound pretreatment. The HAA content of hydrolysate from the pretreated DWGP increased significantly (p < 0.05). The results proved that ultrasound pretreatment loosed the protein structure and exposed more HAA residues of protein to be attacked easily by alcalase. This resulted in the increase in the HAA content which related to the ACE inhibitory activity.     

Combined ultrasonic and gamma-irradiation to prepare TiO2@PET-g-PAAc fabric composite for self-cleaning application

The grafting of polyacrylic acid (PAAc) onto the fabric of Poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET) was loaded with TiO₂ by a mixture sonication of TiO₂ dispersed in AAc dissolved in acetone solvent. Ultrasonic irradiation was utilized as a tool for a good dispersion of TiO₂ onto the PET fabric. The grafted PET fabrics with acrylic acid AAc monomer were successfully obtained using gamma-ray induced graft polymerization, the degree of grafting PET-g-PAAc fiber was 105%. The chemical compositions and crystal structure of grafted TiO₂@PET-g-PAAc fabrics were characterized by ATR-FTIR and XRD. It was found that loading of PET fiber with in TiO₂ particles showing the formation of anatase and rutile as performed by XRD. The thermal property of TiO₂@PET-g-PAAc was investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA). The obtained result indicated the thermal property of the grafted TiO₂@PET-g-PAAc was increased. Image of scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicated the good adherent and good distribution of PAAc and TiO₂ with PET fabric. The self-cleaning property of TiO₂@PET-g-PAAc has been evaluated by using three kinds of dyes as models.     

Rapid and high-capacity ultrasonic assisted adsorption of ternary toxic anionic dyes onto MOF-5-activated carbon: Artificial neural networks,partial least squares,desirability function and isotherm and kinetic study

The present paper focused on the ultrasonic assisted simultaneous removal of fast green (FG), eosin Y (EY) and quinine yellow (QY) from aqueous media following using MOF-5 as a metal organic framework and activated carbon hybrid (AC-MOF-5). The structure and morphology of AC-MOF-5 was identified by SEM, FTIR and XRD analysis. The interactive and main effects of variables such as pH, initial dyes concentration (mg L⁻¹), adsorbent dosage (mg) and sonication time (min) on removal percentage were studied by central composite design (CCD), subsequent desirability function (DF) permit to achieved real variable experimental condition. Optimized values were found 7.06, 5.68, 7.59 and 5.04 mg L⁻¹, 0.02 g and 2.55 min for pH, FG, EY and QY concentration, adsorbent dosage and sonication time, respectively. Under this conditions removal percentage were obtained 98.1%, 98.1% and 91.91% for FG, EY and QY, respectively. Two models, namely partial least squares (PLS) and multi-layer artificial neural network (ANN) model were used for building up to construct an empirical model to predict the dyes under study removal behavior. The obtained results show that ANN and PLS model is a powerful tool for prediction of under-study dyes adsorption by AC-MOF-5. The evaluation and estimation of equilibrium data from traditional isotherm models display that the Langmuir model indicated the best fit to the equilibrium data with maximum adsorption capacity of 21.230, 20.242 and 18.621 mg g⁻¹, for FG, EY and QY, respectively, while the adsorption rate efficiently follows the pseudo-second-order model.     

Rapid preparation of high electrochemical performance LiFePO4/C composite cathode material with an ultrasonic-intensified micro-impinging jetting reactor

A joint chemical reactor system referred to as an ultrasonic-intensified micro-impinging jetting reactor (UIJR), which possesses the feature of fast micro-mixing, was proposed and has been employed for rapid preparation of FePO₄ particles that are amalgamated by nanoscale primary crystals. As one of the important precursors for the fabrication of lithium iron phosphate cathode, the properties of FePO₄ nano particles significantly affect the performance of the lithium iron phosphate cathode. Thus, the effects of joint use of impinging stream and ultrasonic irradiation on the formation of mesoporous structure of FePO₄ nano precursor particles and the electrochemical properties of amalgamated LiFePO₄/C have been investigated. Additionally, the effects of the reactant concentration (C = 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mol L⁻¹), and volumetric flow rate (V = 17.15, 51.44, and 85.74 mL min⁻¹) on synthesis of FePO₄·2H₂O nucleus have been studied when the impinging jetting reactor (IJR) and UIJR are to operate in nonsubmerged mode. It was affirmed from the experiments that the FePO₄ nano precursor particles prepared using UIJR have well-formed mesoporous structures with the primary crystal size of 44.6 nm, an average pore size of 15.2 nm, and a specific surface area of 134.54 m² g⁻¹ when the reactant concentration and volumetric flow rate are 1.0 mol L⁻¹ and 85.74 mL min⁻¹ respectively. The amalgamated LiFePO₄/C composites can deliver good electrochemical performance with discharge capacities of 156.7 mA h g⁻¹ at 0.1 C, and exhibit 138.0 mA h g⁻¹ after 100 cycles at 0.5 C, which is 95.3% of the initial discharge capacity.     

液体薄层中的超声空化*

液体薄层中的超声空化,因其边界及所处空间的特殊性,而呈现出非常独特的空化结构和演化行为,在超声清洗、超声钎焊、表面处理、近场声悬浮、超声化学等领域都有所应用。该文梳理了近几年该课题组在液体薄层中的超声空化研究中的一些成果,力图揭示液体薄层内空泡、空化云、空化场的运动和分布规律,及其产生、发展和演化过程,以期对液体薄层中的超声空化行为有一个相对清晰和完整的认识。     

基于OPO脉冲激发的血糖光声检测影响因素研究

构建了一套基于侧向模式的光学参数振荡(optical parameter oscillator,OPO)脉冲激光激发-超声传感的血糖光声检测系统,并且将激发波长、激光能量、探测频率和温度等对血糖光声检测的影响,在系统结构上进行了有效融合。然后,以不同浓度的葡萄糖溶液作为测试样品,实验研究了几个因素(激发波长、激光能量、探测频率和温度等)对葡萄糖光声检测和浓度预测的影响。实验得到了不同浓度葡萄糖溶液在不同影响因素条件下的葡萄糖实时光声信号和光声峰峰值,同时,为了得到不同因素对葡萄糖光声值和浓度预测的影响规律,通过线性回归算法建立了葡萄糖光声峰峰值与各因素变化,以及不同因素下光声峰峰值与浓度梯度的映射关系模型。实验和模型预测结果表明：相比1 200和1 300 nm波长而言,1 064 nm波长下的葡萄糖光声峰峰值与浓度梯度模型预测效果最好,模型相关系数达到0.986;葡萄糖光声峰峰值随着脉冲激光输出能量的增大呈线性增大趋势,且葡萄糖浓度预测准确度随着激光输出能量增大有所提高;根据不同探测频率的超声探测器捕获的葡萄糖光声峰峰值与浓度梯度建模效果来看,响应频率为1 MHz的超声探测器相比2.5和10 MHz的超声探测器,在葡萄糖光声信号探测上具有更好的探测效果;最后,实验发现,葡萄糖光声峰峰值随着温度和浓度的增大均呈线性增大趋势,且浓度预测误差随着温度的升高逐渐增大。     

声源分布和超声频率对清洗声场均匀性的优化*

驻波和换能器指向性等影响声场均匀性,造成清洗死角,影响清洗效果。采用COMSOL仿真软件建立了单个换能器位于底部的三维模型,通过染色法实验结果验证模型的有效性。研究了换能器同时位于底部和侧面、多排换能器位于底部时的声场,用声压幅值相对标准差来量化均匀性,发现该两种换能器分布方式能够有效优化声场均匀性。通过调节频率研究频率对声场的影响,进一步优化声场均匀性。对声源分布的确定、频率的选择以满足声场均匀化需求有指导意义。